Lesson 6

Space Exploration

1 Thousands of years ago, people observed the night sky and recorded their observations in cave paintings and rock art. These early observations were made without telescopes or other devices. The only thing early people could see were the phases of the moon and some of the moon's largest features. They could also see some of the planets and many stars. Then, about 400 years ago, the telescope was invented. It allowed people to observe objects in space in much greater detail.

2 In 1609, the Italian scientist, Galileo, was probably the first person to use a new invention - the telescope - to observe the sky. A telescope is an instrument that magnifies, or makes larger, distant objects. With this telescope Galileo observed the moon and saw mountains, valleys, and craters that had never been seen before. He also observed the phases of Venus and four moons orbiting Jupiter. About fifty years later, the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton used an even better telescope so that he could observe objects in space.

3 The modern age of space exploration began  in 1957, when the former Soviet Union launched Sputnik, an artificial satellite. A Satellite is any natural body, like the moon, or any artificial object that orbits another object. Sputnik, which was about twice the size of a soccer ball, carried instruments to measure the density and temperature of the Earth's upper atmosphere. The United States launched its own satellite the next year. Soon both countries were launching human into space.

4 One of the best - known American space  programs was project Apollo. The Apollo missions landed 12 humans on the moon between1967 and 1972. These astronauts did experiments and brought back samples of rock. Their work helped scientist learn more about the moon.

5 In 1977, the Voyager I and Voyager II space  probes were launched. A Space probe is a robot vehicle used in order to explore deep space. The Voyager space probes sent back pictures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Both Voyagers are still traveling through space beyond the Solar System.

6 Other early space probes included Viking I  and Viking II, which landed on Mars in 1976, and the Pioneer probes, which used instruments to "see" through the thick clouds that cover Venus. Today's scientist use the Hubble space telescope, satellites, and space probes to better understand Earth, the Solar System, and what is beyond.

7 The launch of the first units of the  International Space Station in 1998 began a new era in space exploration. As many as seven scientists at a time will be able to live and work in space. When completed, the station will be nearly 80 meters long and have a mass of more than 455,000kg. In the future, larger stations could have room for a thousand people or more.

8 People may one day build places to live on  the moon, or even on Mars. Although there have been no plans to build bases on the moon so far, they could be possible by 2020. A moon base could be used as a research station. To save money, some materials needed to build and run the base could come from the moon itself. For example, some of the moon's rock have Oxygen. This oxygen could be taken from the moon and used by people living on the moon. Recently a probe discovered enough ice at the moon poles to provide a moon base with water. For electricity the base could use solar energy. And some minerals could be mined from the moon and sent back to Earth for processing.

Lesson 5

Lesson 5

                                Child Labor: A Global issue

1 Child labor means when young people, under 15, but sometimes as young as 5 or 6 , are forced to work because their parents cannot work or do not make enough money at their jobs to support their family. There are two kinds of work that children do, and only one of them is child labor.

 2 Child labor is:

·       Work that is done all day by children.

·       Work that stops children from going to school.

·       Work that is dangerous and may hurt children physically, emotionally, or mentally such as mining, making bricks, carpets, glass, ceramics, etc.

3 The other kind of work that children do is just helping out the family or earning money for outside - of - school activities. While this work may be really boring, it is not child labor.

4 Child labor is not:

·       Work done around the house before or after school.

·       Work for an organization or a company during the summer or over a vacation to learn about a specific kind of work

·       Work you do when you are learning about something and doing it at the same time For example, electricians often have apprentices learn the job while helping out around the shop.

·   Work done to help out at a family farm or business as long as it doesn't keep you from going to school or doing your homework.

·       Work done after school or on weekends to earn extra money.

5 Most child laborers around the world are busy doing extreme forms of work that are dangerous for their health. They are also being robbed of their rights, including not only the right to develop to the highest level through education, but also the right to childhood. They often work as many as 12 hours a day, (sometimes more), work under dangerous conditions such as factories with harmful smokes in the air, handle dangerous materials, and use tools and machines which are not designed for them.

6 Child labor is more common in developing countries, but it also exists in industrialized nations. While child labor mostly exists in South and Southeast Asia, South America, and Africa, it is also a growing concern in Eastern Europe where countries are changing economically. The international labor organization (ILO) has estimated that about 250 million children, between the ages of five and fourteen, work in developing countries - at least 120 million on a full time basis. Sixty one percent of these are in Asia, 32 percent in Africa, and 7 percent in Latin America. Most working children in rural areas are found in agriculture; urban children work in trade and services, with fewer in manufacturing, construction, and domestic services.

 

 

7 Child labor is both a result and a cause of poverty. In most cases, poor families send their young children to work because their income is important for the family. On the other hand, since these children are usually prevented from going to school, and they are not able to do any other kind of work, they will have a poor life in future.

8 Children work for many reasons, including the pressure of poverty, adult unemployment, and irrelevant education systems that fail to guarantee jobs or prepare children for self- employment. Employers may hire children since they can pay them less. Children are also easier to discipline, more willing to work and often unable to form unions to protect themselves.

9 There is no simple way to stop child labor. But this is no reason for inaction. Luckily, people are getting aware of the serious social, economic, and developmental effects of child labor. They are getting more and more aware of the fact that child labor is harmful to their sense of importance, health, and education. In the past few years, several countries with the help of international organizations such as ILO and UNICEF have made national plans and programs to stop child labor. All such programs follow four strategies to control it:

·       providing free and good education.  

·       making better laws and making sure that  people follow them.  

·       removing children from work and creating better conditions for them.

·       encouraging social movements against child labor.

sampletest book2

http://hassanrouhi.blogfa.com/

 

A Sample Final Exam for Pre-University Students

Lessons 5-8

Part I. Vocabulary

A. Choose the different word. (1.5 points)

 

1. (stamp – envelope - document – mailbox)

2. (community – astronaut – mission – space)

3. (join – connect – attach – measure)

 

B. Choose the best choice. (1.5 points)

 

4. Children under 18 need their parents’ ………… to watch this program.

a. impression          

b. communication        

c. destination            

d. permission

 

5. He needs a high income to ………… his large family.

a. observe             

b. support                   

c. magnify               

d. access

 

6. The teacher asked everyone to do a ………… kind of work.

a. specific             

b. distant                     

c. global                  

d. rural

 

C. Fill in the blanks with one of the words from the list below. There is one extra word. (3 points)

 

          ran away, memory, annoyed, serious, performance, forced, reason

Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Michigan. At an early age, he showed signs of a ……7…..… hearing problem. This may have been the …...8…..… for his poor ……9…..… at school. Edison did not do well there and was often ……10…… by the other children. Three months after starting school, Edison ……11…….. His mother was ……12…… to teach him at home.

 

Part II. Grammar

 

A.   Choose the best choice. (2 points)

B.  

13. I’ll stop at the theater ………… pick up the tickets which you reserved.

a. so that                

b. such as          

c. whereas               

d. in order to

 

14. A lot of people bought those houses, ………… the prices were high.

a. even though       

b. whether         

c. in order that          

d. so that

 

15. Tom went to the library ………… the books he had borrowed.

a. returning             

b. return            

c. to return              

d. having returned

 

16. Reza speaks English very well. He ………… in England for many years.

a. should live          

b. must live        

c. should have lived 

d. must have lived

 

B. Put the following words in order and make meaningful sentences. (2 points)

 

17. (work, brothers, Ali, lazy, is, while, his, hard)

18. (went, slums, she, to, poor, the, help, to, the, so as)

 

C. Complete the following dialogues. (2 points)

 

19. A: I don’t have any idea where Helen is.

      B: She ………… (go) to the movies with her friends.

20. A: Mike spoke very quietly.

      B: He ………… (speak) more loudly.

 

Part III. Sentence Functions

 

Complete the following sentences with your own words. (2 points)

 

21. Some jobs may hurt children physically or emotionally ………… mining, making

bricks, carpets, glass, etc.

22. The part which is at the center of the earth ………… the core.

23. There are different ………… of plants and animals in the world.

24. Getting enough sleep is important ………… it helps you feel more energetic.

 

Part IV. Reading Comprehension

 

A. Put the following sentences in order and make a meaningful paragraph.

Show the correct order with letters A-D in each box. (2 points)

 

25. 􀁆 These astronauts did experiments and brought back samples of rock.

26. 􀁆 One of the best-known American space programs was project Apollo.

27. 􀁆 Their work helped scientist learn more about the moon.

28. 􀁆 The Apollo mission landed 12 humans on the moon between 1967 and 1972.

 

B. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with your own words. (2 points)

 

Most child laborers around the world are busy doing extreme forms of work that are dangerous for their health. ……29…… are also being robbed of their ……30……, including not only the right to ……31…… to the highest level through education, ……32…… also the right to a childhood. ……33…… often work as many as 12 ……34…… a day, (sometimes more), work under ……35…… conditions such as factories with harmful ……36…… in the air, handle dangerous materials, and use tools and machines which are not designed for them.

 

C. Read the following passage and decide whether the statements that follow are true (T), false (F) or not mentioned (N). (6 points)

 

The sardine is a very valuable food fish. It is found in the coastal waters of many parts of the world where the water is not too warm or too cold. The great sardine territory of the United States is off the coast of California. Every year thousands of tons of sardines are caught there.

Until recently not very much was known about the sardine’s habits. Now scientists have discovered some things about the life of the sardine. The female sardine begins to lay its eggs when it is between 2 and 4 years old. It is then about eight inches long. The female lays about 100,000 eggs, which float on the surface of the water .The eggs hatch in two or three days.

Sardines are a healthful food that contains many rich oils and vitamins. They are usually canned, and are eaten in salads and sandwiches. Some of the best sardines come from the coasts of Norway and Portugal. The sardine is used also as a food for cattle and chickens, and young sardines are used by fishermen as bait to catch other fish. The oil of the sardine is used in many ways.

                                                                                            

37. Sardines are found in waters of average temperature.                   

38. Americans eat thousands of tons of sardines every year.                 

39. Scientists still do not know very much about the sardine.                   

40. The female sardine begins to lay eggs when it is eight years old.      

41. People can use sardines to make salads and sandwiches.                         

42. Norway and Portugal are the only countries in Europe, where  people eat a lot of sardines.

 

D. Read the following passage and fill in the table that follows. (6 points)

 

There were three famous sisters named Bronte. Their names were Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, and they were all writers. They were daughters of a clergyman, and had two older sisters and a brother. They went to a very strict school when they were girls, and later they became teachers and governesses. Charlotte’s most famous novel was Jane Eyre, a story of

some of her experiences in school and as a governess. Emily wrote Wuthering Heights, a tragic love story that describes the countryside in which the girls were brought up. Anne wrote two good novels, Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, but neither was as great as her sisters'. All the sisters wrote under “pen-names,” calling themselves Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, and for a long time not even their publishers knew who they really were. Charlotte, Emily and Anne all died of tuberculosis at an early age.

Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816 and died in 1855. She was the only sister who married and she lived longest, though she was only 39 when she died. Emily, born in 1818, died in 1848, when she was barely 30, and Anne, born in 1820, died in 1849, aged 29. Their brother Branwell Bronte, whom they loved and admired very much, was born in 1817 and died in 1848.

 

Writer       Most famous novel(s)            Date of birth           Age when she died

Charlotte      (43) ………..                        (47) ………….           (50) ……..

Emily           (44) ………...                       (48) ………….           (51) ………..

Anne           (45) ………....                      (49) ………….           (52) ……....

                  (46) ……… 

 

Now write short answers to the following questions.

53. How many brothers did the Bronte sisters have?

54. What was their father’s job?

 

Good Luck!